Nelson Mandela: Who Defied Apartheid & United a Nation
| Full Name : Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela |
| Date of Birth : 18th July 1918 |
| Died : 5 th December 2013 |
| Place of Birth : Umtata, South Africa |
| Father : Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa |
| Mother : Nosekeni Fanny (Rolihlahla Mandela) |
| Spouse/Partner : Evelyn Ntoko Mase, Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela (Winnie Mandela), Graça Machel |
| Children :Thembekile, Makaziwe, Makgatho, Makaziwe, Zenani, Zindziswa |
| Alma Mater : Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Healdtown Comprehensive School |
| Professions : Anti-Apartheid Activist, Lawyer, Political Leader and President of South Africa |
Overview
Nelson Mandela, an iconic figure in the struggle for freedom and justice, is one of the most prominent and revered leaders of the 20th century. His life story is a testament to the enduring human spirit and the power of forgiveness and reconciliation. Mandela's journey from a young, rural boy to a political prisoner to the President of South Africa showcases his unwavering commitment to justice and equality. In this article by Academic Block, we will examine the life, legacy and Nelson Mandela biography while exploring his early years, his role in the anti-apartheid movement, his time in prison, and his remarkable leadership as South Africa's first black president.
Early Life of Nelson Mandela and His Education
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born into the Thembu royal family in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. His name, "Rolihlahla," means "pulling the branch of a tree" or "troublemaker," which foreshadowed his role in the political world. Mandela’s father, a chief of the village, died when he was just nine years old, and Mandela was sent to live with the regent, Jongintaba, in the capital, Umtata.
Mandela attended local schools and later went on to study at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree. It was at university that Mandela first became involved in activism, joining the African National Congress (ANC) and working towards fighting racial inequality.
The Path To Activism of Nelson Mandela
After completing his secondary education, Mandela enrolled at the Fort Hare University, a prestigious institution reserved for black students. However, his time at Fort Hare was short-lived. He became embroiled in a dispute with the university's administration over student representation and was subsequently expelled. This event marked another pivotal moment in Mandela's life.
In 1940, he decided to flee an arranged marriage and make his way to Johannesburg, the largest city in South Africa. There, he worked a series of jobs, including as a guard at a mine and as a clerk at a law firm. His employment at the law firm of Witkin, Sidelsky, and Eidelman was particularly influential in shaping his political consciousness. Working closely with Jewish lawyers, he developed a keen interest in South Africa's legal system and the injustices perpetuated under apartheid.
It was during this time that Mandela became increasingly involved in anti-apartheid activities. He joined the African National Congress (ANC), a political party that would play a significant role in his life and in the struggle against apartheid. The ANC, founded in 1912, sought to end racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa and gain political rights for the black population.
Formation of the ANC Youth League by N Mandela
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Date of Formation : The African National Congress (ANC) Youth League was formed in 1944.
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Purpose : The main goal was to advocate for the rights of black South Africans and fight against racial segregation and inequality.
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Founders : The league was founded by a group of young African leaders, including Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo, and others.
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Mandela’s Role : Nelson Mandela played a pivotal role in the formation and growth of the league, eventually becoming its president.
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Inspiration : The Youth League was inspired by the ideas of youth activism and Pan-Africanism, aiming to create a more radical and assertive movement for change.
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Key Goals : The Youth League called for political and economic rights, nonracialism, and full citizenship for black South Africans.
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Impact : The formation of the ANC Youth League marked the beginning of a more militant approach to the anti-apartheid struggle, which laid the foundation for later resistance movements.
Apartheid and Nelson Mandela’s Fight Against It
The Rivonia Trial and Imprisonment
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Date of the Trial : The Rivonia Trial began in October 1963 and lasted until June 1964.
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Location : The trial was held in Rivonia, a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Accused : Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, and other leaders of the African National Congress (ANC) were arrested and charged with sabotage and plotting to overthrow the government.
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Charges : Mandela and the others were accused of leading a campaign of sabotage aimed at ending apartheid through armed resistance, including bombing government facilities.
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Defensive Strategy : During the trial, Mandela used the court as a platform to denounce apartheid and explain the legitimacy of the ANC’s struggle for equality and freedom.
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Mandela’s Statement : Mandela delivered his famous speech, "I Am Prepared to Die," in which he emphasized his commitment to justice and equality.
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Verdict and Sentences : In June 1964, Mandela and seven co-defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment for sabotage.
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Imprisonment : Mandela was imprisoned at Robben Island, where he spent 18 years in harsh conditions.
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Global Attention : The trial brought international attention to apartheid and made Mandela a global symbol of resistance.
Imprisonment Life of N Mandela in Robben Island
27 Years in Prison: Nelson Mandela in Jail
A table could focus on the prison location, years served, and key developments during imprisonment.
The End of Apartheid and Upcoming Elections
By the late 1980s, international pressure on the South African government intensified. Economic sanctions, coupled with internal protests and global condemnation, forced the apartheid regime to seek a resolution.
In 1990, Nelson Mandela was released from prison after 27 years. His release marked a turning point in South Africa's history. Mandela's call for peace and reconciliation, rather than revenge, won the hearts of millions worldwide.
Negotiations to End Apartheid in South Africa
The negotiations to dismantle apartheid in South Africa were a complex and transformative process that laid the foundation for a democratic nation. Below are key points outlining this historic period:
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Mandela’s Leadership in Dialogue : After his release in 1990, Nelson Mandela played a pivotal role in initiating peaceful negotiations with the apartheid government, led by President F.W. de Klerk.
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Key Agreements Reached : The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) began in 1991, bringing together political parties and stakeholders to discuss a new constitution.
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Challenges Faced : Tensions ran high as violence escalated between political factions, particularly the ANC and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), threatening to derail progress.
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Landmark Agreements : In 1993, the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum finalized the interim constitution, paving the way for the country’s first multiracial elections.
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Mandela and de Klerk’s Nobel Prize : In recognition of their efforts to end apartheid peacefully, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
These negotiations ultimately culminated in the historic elections of 1994, making Mandela South Africa’s first Black president and ending decades of institutionalized segregation.
President Mandela: First Black President of South Africa
In 1994, after years of negotiations and conflict, South Africa held its first multiracial, democratic elections. Nelson Mandela, the father of the nation, was elected as the country’s first black president. His election symbolized the triumph of justice and equality over the years of racial segregation and injustice.
As president, Mandela focused on national reconciliation and the healing of a divided society. He worked tirelessly to address the social and economic inequalities that had plagued the nation for decades. His leadership was marked by his emphasis on forgiveness, justice, and unity, rather than revenge and division.
Presidency of Nelson Mandela (1994-1999)
- Focused on national reconciliation and uniting a racially divided nation.
- Established the Government of National Unity.
- Created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to address apartheid-era human rights violations and promote healing.
- Strengthened the country’s legal framework to eliminate racial discrimination.
- Strengthened South Africa’s international relations and positioned the country as a key leader in Africa.
- Played a prominent role in promoting peace in African conflicts, including Burundi.
- Celebrated South Africa’s progress in transitioning from apartheid to democracy.
- Worked to ensure a smooth transition of power to his successor, Thabo Mbeki.
The Long Walk to Freedom: Book by Nelson Mandela
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Overview of the Book : "Long Walk to Freedom" is Nelson Mandela's autobiography, first published in 1994. It chronicles his remarkable life journey, from his humble beginnings in a rural village to becoming the first Black president of South Africa.
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Early Life and Education : Mandela provides vivid details about his childhood in Mvezo, his education, and how these experiences shaped his leadership qualities and sense of justice.
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The Fight Against Apartheid : The book dives deeply into Mandela's active role in the African National Congress (ANC), his resistance to apartheid, and his pivotal role in the anti-apartheid movement.
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Imprisonment and Struggles : N Mandela recounts his 27 years of imprisonment on Robben Island, the physical and emotional hardships he endured, and his unwavering commitment to equality and justice.
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Release and Presidency : The autobiography "A Long Walk to Freedom" ends with his release in 1990 and his subsequent election as South Africa's first Black president in 1994, symbolizing the triumph of democracy over oppression.
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Impact of the Book : "Mandela Long Walk to Freedom" has inspired millions worldwide, offering insights into Mandela’s resilience, forgiveness, and determination to achieve a free and equal society.
This masterpiece remains a key resource for understanding Mandela’s legacy and South Africa’s struggle for liberation.
Legacy of Nelson Mandela
After serving one term as president, Mandela chose not to seek re-election and retired from politics in 1999. He had always intended to serve only one term, believing in the importance of setting a precedent for peaceful transfers of power. In his retirement, he focused on charitable work, addressing issues such as HIV/AIDS awareness and children's rights. Nelson Mandela's legacy goes far beyond his political career. He is remembered as a symbol of resistance, an icon of forgiveness and reconciliation, and a champion of human rights. His life and leadership continue to inspire people around the world.
In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with F.W. de Klerk, for their efforts to peacefully end apartheid and establish a multiracial democracy in South Africa. This recognition underscored the global significance of the changes taking place in South Africa. Mandela's approach to leadership and reconciliation has left an indelible mark on the world. He once said, "If you want to make peace with your enemy, you have to work with your enemy. Then he becomes your partner." This philosophy of forgiveness and working together to overcome differences is a lesson that transcends politics and has relevance in countless areas of life.
Final Words on President Mandela
Nelson Mandela’s life is a powerful reminder that one person’s determination can change the course of history. From his early days as a lawyer to his role as South Africa’s first Black president, Mandela exemplified courage, compassion, and resilience.
His legacy is a beacon of hope for a world still grappling with inequality and division. As Mandela himself said, "It always seems impossible until it’s done." His life proves that even the most challenging struggles can lead to transformative change. We request you to provide your comments below, it will help us in improving this article. Thanks for Reading!
This Article will answer your questions like:
Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as the first Black president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was a key figure in the fight against racial segregation and worked towards establishing a democratic and equal society. Mandela's leadership, resilience, and advocacy for peace earned him international recognition as a symbol of justice and reconciliation.
Nelson Mandela’s first wife was Evelyn Ntoko Mase. They married in 1944 and had four children before their separation in 1957. Evelyn was a nurse and a deeply religious person, but their differing life goals and Mandela’s political activism caused strains in their relationship. Despite their separation, Evelyn played a significant role in Mandela’s early life and supported him during the formative years of his activism.
Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in the small village of Mvezo, located in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Born into the Thembu royal family, Mandela was given the name Rolihlahla, meaning "pulling the branch of a tree" or "troublemaker." His early life in rural South Africa influenced his sense of identity and connection to his cultural roots.
Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for his role in opposing apartheid and leading the African National Congress’s (ANC) armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. He was charged with sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government during the Rivonia Trial in 1964. Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment but remained steadfast in his fight for justice, using his incarceration as a platform to inspire global opposition to apartheid.
Nelson Mandela was in prison for 27 years, from 1962 to 1990. He spent the majority of his incarceration on Robben Island, where he endured harsh conditions and forced labor. Despite the challenges, Mandela used this time to study, reflect, and strategize for a future democratic South Africa. His unwavering resolve during his imprisonment symbolized the resilience of the anti-apartheid movement.
The apartheid system was initiated by the National Party government, which came to power in South Africa in 1948. Led by figures like D.F. Malan, the National Party institutionalized racial segregation through laws that discriminated against the non-white population. Apartheid entrenched economic, political, and social inequalities, sparking resistance movements led by leaders like Nelson Mandela.
1. Mandela led the ANC in the struggle against apartheid. 2. He negotiated South Africa’s peaceful transition to democracy. 3. As president, he promoted reconciliation and nation-building efforts. These contributions solidified his role as an architect of a free and equal South Africa.
Nelson Mandela received numerous prestigious awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for his role in ending apartheid. He was also honored with the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award), and honorary degrees from universities worldwide. Mandela’s awards reflect his global recognition as a champion of justice, equality, and human rights.
1. Mandela was the first Black president of South Africa. 2. He spent 27 years in prison fighting apartheid. 3. He co-founded the ANC’s armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. 4. He received over 250 awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize. 5. Mandela was instrumental in establishing a democratic South Africa.
Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years for his role in opposing apartheid through the African National Congress (ANC). He was charged with sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government during the Rivonia Trial in 1964. Mandela’s imprisonment symbolized the global struggle against racial injustice and apartheid, galvanizing support for his cause worldwide.
Nelson Mandela passed away on December 5, 2013, at his home in Johannesburg, South Africa. He died at the age of 95 due to a recurring lung infection. His death marked the loss of a global icon of peace and reconciliation, prompting tributes and mourning worldwide.
Nelson Mandela is most famous for his leadership in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. He advocated for racial equality and democracy, negotiated the peaceful end of apartheid, and became South Africa’s first Black president. Mandela’s legacy as a global symbol of justice, peace, and reconciliation endures to this day.
The apartheid system caused profound social, economic, and political disparities in South Africa. Non-white communities were subjected to segregation, poverty, limited education, and restricted access to resources. Despite its abolition in 1994, the legacy of apartheid continues to affect South Africa through ongoing inequality and socio-economic challenges.
Mandela fought apartheid through activism, legal challenges, and leadership in the ANC. He co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe, led peaceful protests, and advocated globally against racial discrimination. His imprisonment further solidified his role as a symbol of resistance and unity, culminating in the peaceful end of apartheid.
No, Morgan Freeman and Nelson Mandela are not related. However, Morgan Freeman famously portrayed Nelson Mandela in the 2009 film "Invictus," which depicts Mandela’s leadership during the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa.
Nelson Mandela's autobiography is titled "Long Walk to Freedom." It chronicles his early life, education, political activism, 27 years in prison, and eventual presidency. The book offers an intimate insight into Mandela’s journey and his fight for equality and justice.
Nelson Mandela was a prominent leader in the ANC, serving as its president from 1991 to 1997. He co-founded the ANC Youth League and played a pivotal role in strategizing and mobilizing resistance against apartheid, including leading the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe.
The end of apartheid, led by Nelson Mandela, inspired global movements for justice and equality. Mandela’s efforts paved the way for the establishment of a democratic South Africa, setting an example for peaceful transitions worldwide. His advocacy brought international sanctions against apartheid and strengthened human rights globally. Mandela’s legacy serves as a symbol of hope, unity, and resistance against systemic oppression, influencing leaders and communities to fight for social justice and equality.
Nelson Mandela's first wife, Evelyn Ntoko Mase, played a significant role during his early political journey. They were married from 1944 to 1958, during which Mandela began his activism in the African National Congress (ANC). Evelyn, a nurse, supported Mandela’s early struggles but separated from him due to political differences and his dedication to the anti-apartheid movement. Her presence reflected Mandela’s challenges in balancing personal and revolutionary responsibilities.
The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), established by Nelson Mandela in 1995, aimed to promote healing and national unity post-apartheid. The TRC investigated human rights violations, fostered dialogue, and offered amnesty to those who confessed to political crimes. Its purpose was to address the past’s injustices, restore dignity to victims, and lay the foundation for a peaceful, inclusive democracy in South Africa. The TRC became a global model for transitional justice.
Famous quotes by Nelson Mandela
“It always seems impossible until it’s done.”
“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.”
“The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
“For to be free is not merely to cast off one’s chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others.”
“I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.”
“A good head and a good heart are always a formidable combination.”
“No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.”
“There is no passion to be found playing small—in settling for a life that is less than the one you are capable of living.”
“Resentment is like drinking poison and then hoping it will kill your enemies.”
“Real leaders must be ready to sacrifice all for the freedom of their people.”
“We can change the world and make it a better place. It is in your hands to make a difference.”
“I dream of an Africa which is in peace with itself.”
“I am fundamentally an optimist. Whether that comes from nature or nurture, I cannot say. Part of being optimistic is keeping one’s head pointed toward the sun, one’s feet moving forward.”
Nelson Mandela’s family life
First Marriage – Mandela’s first wife was Evelyn Mase. They married in 1944 and had four children together: Thembekile, Makaziwe, Makgatho, and Maki. The strain of Mandela’s political involvement and frequent absences from home took a toll on their marriage, ultimately leading to their separation in 1957.
Second Marriage – Mandela’s second wife was Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela, commonly known as Winnie Mandela. They married in 1958, and they had two daughters together, Zenani and Zindzi. Winnie played a prominent role in the anti-apartheid struggle, especially during Mandela’s imprisonment. However, their marriage faced significant challenges, exacerbated by the long separation due to Mandela’s incarceration. The marriage ended in divorce in 1996, years after Mandela’s release from prison.
Third Marriage – In 1998, Mandela married Graca Machel, the widow of former Mozambican President Samora Machel. This made Mandela the first living person to appear on a postage stamp in Mozambique. Graca Machel is a respected humanitarian and a former First Lady of both Mozambique and South Africa.
Loss of Children: Tragically, two of Mandela’s children predeceased him. His son Thembekile died in a car accident in 1969. His son Makgatho, who had health issues related to HIV/AIDS, passed away in 2005.
Controversies related to Nelson Mandela
Armed Struggle and Umkhonto we Sizwe: One of the most significant controversies surrounding Mandela was his involvement in the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC), Umkhonto we Sizwe, which engaged in acts of sabotage against government installations. While many saw it as a necessary response to the escalating violence and oppression of apartheid, others questioned the ethics of using violence to achieve political ends.
Communist Allegations: During the Cold War, there were allegations and suspicions that the ANC had ties to the Communist Party. Mandela’s affiliation with communists like Joe Slovo raised concerns among some Western governments, particularly the United States, which was anti-communist.
Reconciliation and Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC): Mandela’s commitment to reconciliation, symbolized by his role in establishing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), was controversial. Some believed that the TRC allowed individuals who had committed human rights abuses to receive amnesty without facing justice. This approach to reconciliation was divisive, with some advocating for a more punitive approach.
Criticisms of His Leadership Style: Some critics argued that Nelson Mandela leadership style was overly conciliatory and that he compromised too readily with the apartheid regime during the transition to democracy. They believed that a more confrontational approach could have secured a better deal for black South Africans.
Relations with Other ANC Leaders: Mandela’s leadership sometimes led to tensions within the ANC. His presidency and his policies were not always in alignment with those of other leaders, such as Thabo Mbeki. This occasionally created internal strife within the party.
Land Reform and Economic Inequality: Some critics argue that Mandela’s government did not do enough to address the issue of land reform and economic inequality in South Africa. These issues remain significant challenges in the country today.
Facts on Nelson Mandela
Birth and Early Life: Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in the village of Mvezo in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. His given middle name, “Rolihlahla,” means “pulling the branch of a tree” or “troublemaker.”
Thembu Royalty: Mandela belonged to the Thembu royal family, as his father was a chief in the Thembu tribe. He was adopted by the Thembu regent, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo, after his father’s death.
Education: Mandela attended various schools, including Clarkebury Boarding Institute, Healdtown, and Fort Hare University. His formal education was instrumental in his political awakening.
Lawyer: After moving to Johannesburg, Mandela worked as a law clerk at the law firm Witkin, Sidelsky, and Eidelman. His exposure to the legal system and racial injustices fueled his interest in the struggle against apartheid.
Anti-Apartheid Activism: Mandela became involved in the anti-apartheid movement in the 1940s. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) and played a significant role in organizing protests and civil disobedience campaigns.
Defiance Campaign: In 1952, Mandela and other ANC leaders launched the Defiance Campaign against apartheid laws. The campaign aimed to challenge racial segregation and discrimination.
Armed Struggle: Following the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, where police killed 69 anti-passbook protesters, the ANC was banned, and Mandela and others began considering armed struggle as a means to challenge apartheid. Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the ANC, was formed, and Mandela played a key role in its activities.
Imprisonment: In 1962, Mandela was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for his involvement in planning sabotage actions. He was later sentenced to life imprisonment after the Rivonia Trial in 1964, where he famously stated, “It is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”
27 Years on Robben Island: Mandela spent the majority of his 27-year imprisonment on Robben Island, where he endured harsh conditions and separation from his family. He continued to be a symbol of resistance during his time in prison.
Negotiations and Release: In 1990, then-South African President F.W. de Klerk announced Mandela’s release, marking the beginning of negotiations to end apartheid. In 1994, South Africa held its first multiracial democratic elections, with Mandela being elected as the country’s first black president.
Reconciliation: Mandela’s presidency was marked by his commitment to reconciliation and nation-building. He established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to address past human rights abuses.
Nobel Peace Prize: In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with F.W. de Klerk, for their efforts to peacefully end apartheid and establish a multiracial democracy in South Africa.
Retirement and Charity Work: After one term as president, Mandela chose not to seek re-election in 1999. In retirement, he focused on charitable work, addressing issues such as HIV/AIDS awareness and children’s rights.
Global Icon: Mandela’s legacy as a symbol of resistance, reconciliation, and human rights continues to inspire people worldwide. He is celebrated for his commitment to justice, forgiveness, and peace.
Passing: Nelson Mandela passed away on December 5, 2013, at the age of 95, leaving behind a lasting legacy of leadership and hope for a more just and equitable world.
Academic References on Nelson Mandela
- “Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela” by Nelson Mandela. This autobiography provides a firsthand account of Mandela’s life, from his childhood to his presidency and beyond.
- “Mandela: A Critical Life” by Tom Lodge. A comprehensive biography that critically examines Mandela’s life, his political journey, and the impact of his leadership on South Africa.
- “The Prison Letters of Nelson Mandela” edited by Sahm Venter. This collection of letters written during Mandela’s imprisonment provides insights into his thoughts and strategies during his time in prison.
- “Nelson Mandela: Leader of a Mass Movement” by Tom Lodge (African Affairs, 1994). This article analyzes Mandela’s role as a leader within the ANC and the broader anti-apartheid movement.
- “Nelson Mandela: The Saint Who Wasn’t” by Sipho M. Pityana (African Affairs, 1996). This paper critically examines the image of Mandela as a saintly figure and explores the complexities of his leadership.
- “The Political Leadership of Nelson Mandela” by John Allen (South African Historical Journal, 2003). An analysis of Mandela’s political leadership and the strategies he employed to navigate the complex political landscape of South Africa.
- “Nelson Mandela and the Power of Ubuntu” by Michael K. Berhow (Africa Today, 2008). This research paper looks into the concept of Ubuntu in Mandela’s leadership and its role in reconciliation and nation-building.
- “The Legacy of Nelson Mandela: A Model of Moral and Ethical Leadership” by Wesley W. M. van den Berg (Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 2016). A study that explores Mandela’s leadership style and its enduring impact on leadership theory and practice.
- “The International Campaign to Free Nelson Mandela” by Mary Dingman (African Studies Review, 1983). This paper examines the international solidarity campaign to release Mandela from prison and its role in shaping global politics.