Mobile Payments: How Smartphones helps the Way We Pay
Overview
Mobile payments have become a ubiquitous part of modern life, revolutionizing the way we conduct financial transactions. From ordering food to paying bills, transferring money to shopping online, mobile payment systems have streamlined and simplified the way we handle our money. This article by Academic Block looks into the evolution, technology, security concerns, benefits, challenges, and future prospects of mobile payments, highlighting their profound impact on individuals, businesses, and the global economy.
Evolution of Mobile Payments
The concept of mobile payments traces its roots back to the early 1990s when Coca-Cola installed vending machines that accepted payments via SMS in Finland. This marked the beginning of a new era in payment technology, paving the way for further innovations. However, it wasn't until the mid-2000s that mobile payments gained significant traction with the introduction of smartphones and mobile banking apps.
The emergence of companies like PayPal, Paytm, Google Wallet, BHIM and Apple Pay further accelerated the adoption of mobile payment solutions. These platforms offered secure and convenient ways to make transactions using mobile devices, leveraging technologies such as Near Field Communication (NFC) and QR codes. Today, mobile payments encompass a wide range of services, including mobile wallets, peer-to-peer transfers, in-app purchases, and contactless payments.
Technology that makes Mobile Payments work
Mobile payments rely on a combination of hardware and software technologies to facilitate secure and seamless transactions. NFC technology, commonly found in smartphones and point-of-sale terminals, enables contactless payments by allowing devices to communicate with each other when in close proximity. This technology is widely used in tap-and-go payments, where users can simply wave their phone or card near a terminal to complete a transaction.
Another key technology driving mobile payments is QR codes. These square-shaped codes contain encrypted information that can be scanned by a smartphone camera, enabling quick and easy payments without the need for physical cards or cash. QR code-based payment systems are particularly popular in regions like India, where platforms like Paytm and BHIM Pay dominate the mobile payment landscape.
Additionally, mobile wallets play a crucial role in storing payment credentials, loyalty cards, and other financial information securely on mobile devices. Providers like Apple, Google, and Samsung offer mobile wallet solutions that integrate with banking apps and allow users to make payments in-store, online, and within apps using stored payment methods.
Security Concerns in Mobile Payments
While mobile payments offer convenience and speed, they also raise concerns about security and privacy. Cybersecurity threats such as phishing attacks, malware, and data breaches pose risks to users' sensitive information, including credit card details and personal identifiers. To address these challenges, mobile payment providers employ various security measures, including:
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Tokenization: This process replaces sensitive card information with unique tokens that are meaningless to attackers, reducing the risk of data theft during transactions.
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Biometric authentication: Many mobile payment systems use biometric data such as fingerprints or facial recognition to authenticate users, adding an extra layer of security beyond traditional passwords.
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OTP: It stands for "One-Time Password". An OTP is a temporary and unique code that is generated and sent to the user's registered mobile phone number or email address. It is valid for a short period, typically a few minutes, and can only be used once to complete the authentication process. After the specified time window expires, the OTP becomes invalid, enhancing security by preventing replay attacks.
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Encryption: All data transmitted between the user's device and the payment gateway is encrypted to prevent interception by unauthorized parties.
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Multi-factor authentication (MFA): By requiring multiple forms of verification, such as a password combined with a one-time code sent to the user's phone, MFA enhances security and reduces the likelihood of account compromise.
Despite these security measures, mobile payments remain vulnerable to evolving cyber threats, highlighting the ongoing need for robust security protocols and user education to mitigate risks.
Benefits of Mobile Payments
The widespread adoption of mobile payments has brought about numerous benefits for consumers, businesses, and the economy as a whole. Some of the key advantages include:
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Convenience: Mobile payments allow users to make transactions anytime, anywhere, without the need to carry physical cash or cards. This convenience is especially valuable in situations where quick and contactless payments are preferred, such as during travel or in retail environments.
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Speed: Mobile payments are typically faster than traditional payment methods, reducing checkout times and improving overall efficiency for businesses and customers alike.
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Accessibility: Mobile payment systems are inclusive, providing access to financial services for individuals who may not have access to traditional banking infrastructure. This inclusivity promotes financial inclusion and empowers underserved populations to participate in the digital economy.
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Cost savings: Businesses can benefit from lower transaction costs associated with mobile payments compared to cash or card transactions. Mobile payments also streamline accounting processes and reduce the risk of counterfeit currency.
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Enhanced customer experience: Mobile payment solutions offer a seamless and personalized experience for customers, with features such as loyalty programs, targeted promotions, and digital receipts contributing to customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Challenges in Adopting Mobile Payments
Despite the numerous advantages, mobile payments face several challenges that hinder widespread adoption and acceptance. These challenges include:
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Infrastructure limitations: In some regions, especially rural areas and developing countries, limited access to reliable internet connectivity and mobile networks can hinder the adoption of mobile payment solutions.
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Security concerns: As mentioned earlier, security remains a top concern for both users and businesses, with the risk of fraud, data breaches, and identity theft posing significant challenges to widespread adoption.
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Interoperability issues: The lack of standardized protocols and interoperable systems can create barriers to seamless integration and interoperability between different mobile payment platforms, limiting their usability and convenience.
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Regulatory complexity: Mobile payments operate within a complex regulatory landscape that varies from country to country. Compliance with regulations related to data protection, anti-money laundering (AML), and know your customer (KYC) requirements can be challenging for mobile payment providers.
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User education and trust: Building trust and educating users about the benefits and security features of mobile payments is crucial for increasing adoption rates. Many users remain skeptical or unaware of mobile payment options, leading to slower adoption rates in certain demographics.
List of some of the important mobile payment apps
Apple Pay (Launch Year: 2014)
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Country of Origin: United States
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Security Protocols: Tokenization, device-specific numbers, Touch ID/Face ID authentication.
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RuPay (2012)
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Country of Origin: India
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Security Protocols: UPI compliance, bank-level security, two-factor authentication.
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Google Pay , formerly Android Pay (2015)
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Country of Origin: United States
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Security Protocols: Tokenization, Google SafetyNet, biometric authentication.
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Samsung Pay (2015)
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Country of Origin: South Korea
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Security Protocols: Tokenization, Samsung Knox security platform, biometric authentication.
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PayPal (1998)
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Country of Origin: United States
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Security Protocols: End-to-end encryption, buyer/seller protection, two-factor authentication.
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Venmo (2009)
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Country of Origin: United States
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Security Protocols: Bank-grade encryption, account verification, transaction notifications.
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BHIM (2017)
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Country of Origin: India
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Security Protocols: PCI DSS compliance, bank-level security, two-factor authentication.
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Paytm (2010)
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Country of Origin: India
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Security Protocols: PCI DSS compliance, bank-level security, two-factor authentication.
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Square (2009)
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Country of Origin: United States
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Security Protocols: End-to-end encryption, fraud detection, account verification.
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M-Pesa (2007)
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Country of Origin: Kenya (Developed by Vodafone)
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Security Protocols: PIN-based security, transaction monitoring, SIM card authentication.
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Stripe (2010)
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Country of Origin: United States
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Security Protocols: PCI compliance, two-factor authentication, fraud prevention tools.
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Skrill (2001)
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Country of Origin: United Kingdom
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Security Protocols: Two-factor authentication, anti-fraud measures, secure payment gateway.
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MobilePay by Danske Bank (2013)
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Country of Origin: Denmark
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Security Protocols: PIN entry, fingerprint authentication, secure transactions.
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Future Trends and Innovations
Despite the challenges, the future of mobile payments looks promising, driven by ongoing innovations and evolving consumer preferences. Some of the key trends shaping the future of mobile payments include:
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Expansion of contactless payments: Contactless payment methods, including NFC, QR codes, and wearables, will continue to gain popularity, especially in sectors such as retail, transportation, and hospitality.
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Integration of AI and machine learning: AI-powered algorithms will enhance fraud detection, personalized recommendations, and customer support within mobile payment platforms, improving security and user experience.
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Rise of decentralized finance (DeFi): Blockchain technology and decentralized finance applications will enable peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and digital asset management within mobile payment ecosystems, offering greater financial autonomy and transparency.
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Collaboration and partnerships: Mobile payment providers, banks, fintech startups, and merchants will collaborate to create seamless omnichannel payment experiences, leveraging data analytics and customer insights to drive innovation and growth.
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Enhanced security measures: Continuous advancements in biometric authentication, tokenization, and real-time fraud monitoring will bolster the security of mobile payment systems, building trust among users and businesses.
Final Words
Mobile payments have come a long way since their inception, transforming the way we transact and interact with financial services. While challenges such as security concerns and regulatory complexities persist, ongoing technological advancements and evolving consumer behaviors are driving the continued growth and evolution of mobile payment ecosystems. In this article by Academic Block we have seen that, as the mobile payments become more accessible, secure, and integrated into our daily lives, they will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of digital commerce and financial inclusion on a global scale. Please provide your comments below, it will help us in improving this article. Thanks for reading!
This Article will answer your questions like:
Mobile payment refers to the process of paying for goods and services using a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet. This can involve various technologies, including Near Field Communication (NFC), QR codes, or mobile wallets. Mobile payments are convenient and can be made through apps, SMS, or by using contactless payment systems, allowing users to complete transactions quickly and securely from their devices.
A mobile banking payment involves using a mobile banking app provided by a bank or financial institution to manage and transfer funds. This includes tasks like paying bills, transferring money between accounts, or making payments to merchants. Mobile banking payments offer users the convenience of performing banking transactions on-the-go through their mobile devices, often with enhanced security features.
Mobile payment apps work by linking your bank account, credit card, or debit card to the app. When you make a payment, the app securely processes the transaction through a payment gateway, often using encryption to protect your data. These apps can use technologies such as NFC for contactless payments or QR codes for scanning at checkout, making the payment process quick and convenient.
Mobile payments are generally secure due to several layers of protection. These include encryption to safeguard data during transmission, biometric authentication (e.g., fingerprint or facial recognition) for user verification, and tokenization, which replaces sensitive information with unique tokens. However, users should remain vigilant against phishing scams and ensure their devices are protected with strong passwords and security software.
- Convenience: Make payments quickly and easily from your device.
- Speed: Faster transactions compared to traditional methods.
- Security: Enhanced security features like encryption and biometrics.
- Integration: Seamlessly integrates with other financial apps and services.
- Global Reach: Supports international transactions and online purchases.
Mobile payments are made using mobile devices and apps, often using technologies like NFC or QR codes. They are typically used for in-person transactions or mobile-specific online purchases. Online payments, on the other hand, are conducted through websites or online platforms and often involve entering payment details on a web page. Both methods aim to facilitate transactions but differ in the devices and interfaces used.
- NFC: Uses radio waves to transmit payment information between a mobile device and a payment terminal when they are in close proximity.
- QR Codes: Requires users to scan a QR code displayed by the merchant using their mobile device to complete the payment.
- Security Threats: Risks of data breaches and hacking.
- Privacy Concerns: Potential misuse of personal and financial data.
- Device Loss: Risks if your mobile device is lost or stolen.
- Fraud: Possibility of phishing scams and fraudulent transactions.
Google Pay is a mobile payment app that allows users to make payments using their smartphones or smartwatches. It enables users to store their credit, debit, and loyalty cards digitally and make contactless payments at supported terminals. Google Pay can also be used for online purchases, in-app transactions, and peer-to-peer payments, providing a convenient and secure way to manage and spend money.
- Add Cards: Open the Wallet app and add your credit or debit cards by following the prompts.
- Verify Cards: Complete verification steps as required by your bank or card issuer.
- Pay: At checkout, select Apple Pay and authenticate with Face ID, Touch ID, or your device passcode.
- Add Cards: Open the Wallet app and tap the "+" sign to add your credit or debit cards.
- Select Card: Choose your default card for transactions or switch cards as needed.
- Pay: Use Face ID, Touch ID, or your passcode to authenticate and complete payments at supported terminals or online.
- Mobile Wallets: Store and manage payment information (e.g., Apple Pay, Google Pay).
- Payment Apps: Facilitate payments and transfers between users (e.g., Venmo, PayPal).
- Banking Apps: Allow for mobile banking transactions and bill payments.
- Open Wallet App: Tap the "+" icon to start the application process.
- Complete Application: Provide required information and agree to terms.
- Approval: Upon approval, the Apple Card will be added to your Wallet app for use.
- Swipe/Insert/Scan: Card information is captured using a reader or entered manually.
- Transaction Authorization: Data is transmitted to the payment processor for approval.
- Confirmation: Once approved, the transaction is completed, and funds are transferred.
Risk Involved in Mobile Payments
Security Threats: Mobile payments are susceptible to various security threats, including malware, phishing attacks, data breaches, and unauthorized access. Malicious software can compromise the security of mobile devices, leading to the theft of sensitive information such as credit card details, login credentials, and personal data.
Lost or Stolen Devices: The loss or theft of a mobile device poses a significant risk, as it can provide unauthorized individuals with access to payment apps, stored credentials, and financial data. Without proper security measures such as device encryption, remote wiping, and biometric authentication, stolen devices can be exploited for fraudulent transactions.
Identity Theft: Mobile payment accounts linked to personal information, such as phone numbers, email addresses, and social media profiles, are targets for identity thieves. Cybercriminals may use stolen identities to create fraudulent accounts, make unauthorized purchases, or conduct illegal activities, leading to financial losses and reputational damage.
Data Privacy Concerns: Mobile payment providers collect and store user data to facilitate transactions and offer personalized services. However, concerns arise regarding the privacy and security of this data, as unauthorized access or data breaches can result in the exposure of sensitive information to third parties, violating users’ privacy rights.
Transaction Fraud: Mobile payment platforms are vulnerable to transaction fraud, where cybercriminals use stolen credentials or exploit weaknesses in the payment system to make unauthorized transactions. This can include fraudulent purchases, account takeovers, and unauthorized transfers of funds, leading to financial losses for both users and businesses.
Social Engineering Attacks: Phishing attacks and social engineering tactics target mobile users to obtain sensitive information or manipulate them into performing fraudulent actions. Fraudsters may impersonate legitimate entities, send deceptive messages, or create fake websites and apps to trick users into disclosing their payment credentials or clicking on malicious links.
Mobile Network Vulnerabilities: Mobile payments rely on network connectivity, making them susceptible to vulnerabilities in mobile networks, Wi-Fi hotspots, and public networks. Man-in-the-middle attacks, network spoofing, and packet sniffing techniques can intercept and manipulate payment data during transmission, compromising security.
Insufficient Authentication: Weak or outdated authentication methods, such as simple passwords, PINs, or security questions, can be easily compromised, allowing unauthorized access to mobile payment accounts. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) and biometric authentication (e.g., fingerprint, facial recognition) are recommended for enhanced security.
Regulatory Compliance: Mobile payment providers must comply with regulatory requirements related to data protection, consumer rights, anti-money laundering (AML), know your customer (KYC) regulations, and payment system security standards.
Lack of User Awareness: Many users are unaware of the risks associated with mobile payments or may overlook security best practices, such as updating software, avoiding public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions.
Facts on Mobile Payments
Global Adoption: Mobile payments have witnessed widespread adoption globally, with a significant increase in usage across regions. Countries like India are taking huge lead in the this field.
Market Growth: The mobile payment market has experienced exponential growth, driven by factors such as smartphone penetration, digital wallet adoption, and the rise of contactless payment technologies. Research from Allied Market Research estimates that the global mobile payment market size will surpass $12 trillion by 2027.
Contactless Payments: Contactless payment methods, including NFC (Near Field Communication) and QR code payments, have gained popularity, especially in retail environments. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated the adoption of contactless payments due to hygiene concerns associated with physical cash and cards.
Mobile Wallets: Leading tech companies such as Apple, Google, and Samsung have introduced mobile wallet solutions like Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Samsung Pay, respectively. These mobile wallets allow users to store payment credentials, loyalty cards, and coupons securely on their smartphones for seamless transactions.
Peer-to-Peer Transfers: Mobile payment platforms enable peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers, allowing users to send money to friends, family, or businesses directly from their mobile devices. Apps like Venmo, PayPal, Cash App, and Zelle have become popular choices for P2P payments.
In-App Purchases: Mobile payments facilitate in-app purchases within mobile applications, enabling users to buy digital goods, services, and subscriptions conveniently. This feature is widely used in gaming apps, streaming services, and e-commerce platforms.
Security Measures: Mobile payment providers implement robust security measures to protect users’ financial information and transactions. These measures include tokenization, encryption, biometric authentication (e.g., fingerprint or facial recognition), and real-time fraud monitoring.
Blockchain and Cryptocurrency: The integration of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies into mobile payment ecosystems has led to the emergence of decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. Cryptocurrency wallets and blockchain-based payment platforms offer alternatives to traditional fiat currency transactions.
Merchant Adoption: Businesses across various industries, including retail, hospitality, transportation, and entertainment, have embraced mobile payments to cater to customer preferences and streamline checkout experiences. Many merchants now accept mobile payments via NFC-enabled terminals or QR code scanners.
Regulatory Landscape: Mobile payments operate within a complex regulatory environment, with regulations varying by country and region. Regulatory bodies oversee aspects such as data protection, consumer rights, anti-money laundering (AML), and payment system interoperability.
Financial Inclusion: Mobile payments play a vital role in promoting financial inclusion by providing access to banking services for unbanked and underbanked populations. Mobile money platforms in developing countries facilitate digital payments, remittances, and microfinance services, empowering individuals and small businesses.
Future Trends: The future of mobile payments is expected to witness continued innovation, with advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT) payments, voice-activated transactions, and augmented reality (AR) shopping experiences.
Academic References on Mobile Payments
- Huang, X., & Du, Y. (2018). Mobile Payment: Smart Money. Springer.
- Sadi, M. A., & Malik, A. U. (2020). Mobile Payments and E-Banking Services. IGI Global.
- Shen, Z., Chang, E., & Li, Z. (Eds.). (2019). Mobile Payments: Technological Challenges, Security Issues and Cultural Implications. Springer.
- Dwivedi, Y. K., Mäntymäki, M., & Ravishankar, M. N. (Eds.). (2021). Handbook of Research on Emerging Technologies for Effective Digital Transformation. IGI Global.
- Rahman, M. S. (2022). Mobile Payments: Opportunities, Risks, and Regulatory Challenges. CRC Press.
- Ho, Y. W., Malhotra, A., & Chan, E. Y. (2019). Understanding consumers’ continuance intention towards mobile payment. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 119(1), 131-149.
- Lian, J. W., Yen, D. C., & Wang, Y. T. (2014). An exploratory study to understand the critical factors affecting the decision to adopt mobile payment services. Telematics and Informatics, 31(2), 256-269.
- Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Jeyaraj, A., Clement, M., & Williams, M. D. (2019). Re-examining the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): Towards a revised theoretical model. Information Systems Frontiers, 21(3), 719-734.
- Chaudhry, R. A., Saif, U. R., & Saleem, H. (2020). An empirical investigation of factors affecting mobile payment adoption among Pakistani consumers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 101991.
- Hayashi, F., & Ho, J. Y. (2021). Mobile payments in the United States at retail point of sale: Recent developments and perspectives. Journal of Payment Strategy & Systems, 14(3), 269-282.