IFRC: Uniting Nations for Global Humanitarian Aid
- Headquaters: Geneva, Switzerland
- Formed on: May 05, 1919
- Head: President Kate Forbes
- Organisation Type: Humanitarian Aid Organisation
- Website: www.ifrc.org
Overview
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is the world’s largest humanitarian organization, providing aid and support to communities affected by disasters, health crises, and conflicts. Established in 1919, the IFRC coordinates humanitarian activities across more than 190 national societies, aiming to alleviate suffering and promote human dignity worldwide. This article by Academic Block explores the IFRC’s history, structure, mission, key initiatives, and global impact.
History of the IFRC
(i) The Birth of a Global Humanitarian Network
The IFRC was founded on May 5, 1919, in Paris by five national Red Cross societies from Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States. Its formation was a response to the humanitarian crises caused by World War I, which left millions injured, displaced, or in dire need of assistance.
(ii) Expansion and Evolution
Over the years, the organization expanded its reach, incorporating Red Crescent Societies (used in Islamic countries) and other humanitarian networks. Today, the IFRC unites 192 National Societies, making it a truly global humanitarian force.
(iii) Key Milestones in IFRC’s Journey
Mission and Principles of IFRC
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The Core Mission : The IFRC’s mission is “to inspire, encourage, facilitate, and promote all forms of humanitarian activities by National Societies to prevent and alleviate human suffering.”
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The Seven Fundamental Principles : The IFRC operates based on seven fundamental humanitarian principles:
Organizational Structure of IFRC
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Headquarters and Leadership : The IFRC Headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland, where global coordination and policy-making occur. The organization is led by a Secretary General and governed by the General Assembly, which includes representatives from all 192 National Societies.
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Regional and National Societies : The IFRC is divided into five geographical regions:
- Africa
- Americas
- Asia-Pacific
- Europe
- Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Each region oversees national societies, ensuring they have the resources, training, and support needed for effective humanitarian response.
Key Activities and Programs of IFRC
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Disaster Response and Relief : The IFRC plays a critical role in responding to natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tsunamis. It provides:
- Emergency medical aid
- Food and clean water
- Shelter for displaced populations
- Search and rescue operations
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Health and Epidemic Control : The IFRC is at the forefront of global health initiatives, including:
- Immunization campaigns
- HIV/AIDS awareness programs
- COVID-19 pandemic response
- Disaster-related medical assistance
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Climate Change and Sustainability : Recognizing the link between climate change and humanitarian crises, the IFRC runs programs focused on:
- Disaster risk reduction
- Sustainable development
- Early warning systems for climate-related disasters
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Migration and Refugee Assistance : The IFRC provides support for migrants and refugees fleeing conflict, persecution, or climate change-related disasters. This includes:
- Legal aid
- Medical care
- Psychosocial support
- Family reunification programs
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First Aid and Community Training : The IFRC offers first aid training for communities worldwide, ensuring that people are equipped to handle emergencies before professional help arrives.
Global Impact of the IFRC
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Responding to Major Disasters : The IFRC has played a critical role in responding to some of the world's worst disasters, providing immediate relief and long-term support to affected communities.
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Humanitarian Partnerships : The IFRC collaborates with leading international organizations to enhance global humanitarian efforts.
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Volunteer Network and Community Engagement : With over 16 million volunteers worldwide, the IFRC relies on local communities to deliver aid efficiently during emergencies.
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Volunteers provide first aid, emergency relief, and disaster preparedness training to ensure communities are resilient.
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They help in search and rescue operations, food distribution, and psychosocial support during crises.
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The IFRC trains volunteers in health and disaster management, making them a vital part of humanitarian efforts globally.
The strong community-based approach helps IFRC reach affected populations faster and offer long-term recovery solutions.
Difference Between ICRC and IFRC
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) are both part of the Red Cross Movement but have different roles and responsibilities. Below is a detailed comparison:
Both organizations work together to alleviate human suffering worldwide, but the ICRC focuses on war and conflict, while the IFRC handles disaster response and humanitarian development.
Final Words
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is a beacon of hope in times of crisis. With a commitment to humanitarian aid, disaster response, and global health, the IFRC continues to serve vulnerable populations across the world. By supporting their mission, individuals can contribute to a more compassionate and resilient global community. Hope you liked this article by Academic Block, please provide your insightful thoughts to make this article better. Thanks for Reading!
This Article will answer your questions like:
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is a global humanitarian network that coordinates the activities of 192 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Its mission is to provide impartial humanitarian assistance during emergencies and promote social inclusion, disaster preparedness, and health initiatives worldwide. Through its volunteer-driven approach, the IFRC aims to alleviate human suffering and enhance the well-being of vulnerable populations across the globe.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) are distinct entities within the Red Cross Movement. The ICRC focuses on providing humanitarian aid in conflict zones, ensuring compliance with international humanitarian law, and protecting victims of armed conflicts. In contrast, the IFRC coordinates disaster relief, healthcare programs, and long-term development, focusing on global emergencies and socio-economic challenges.
The mission of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is to reduce human suffering, protect life and health, and uphold human dignity, particularly in the face of emergencies. IFRC aims to support vulnerable populations through humanitarian aid, disaster relief, and community development. It works to promote peace, understanding, and the universal values of human rights while focusing on the health, safety, and well-being of people affected by crises.
The main difference between the Red Cross and Red Crescent lies in their symbols. While the Red Cross is widely recognized as a red cross on a white background, the Red Crescent uses a red crescent moon symbol. The Red Crescent was adopted in Muslim-majority countries to reflect Islamic traditions, while the Red Cross remains the symbol of choice in most other parts of the world. Both symbols represent the same humanitarian principles under the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
The history of the Red Cross and Red Crescent dates back to 1863, when Henri Dunant founded the Red Cross after witnessing the suffering of soldiers at the Battle of Solferino. The Red Crescent was established in 1876 in the Ottoman Empire to address the needs of Muslim populations. Over time, the two symbols became part of a global humanitarian movement focused on providing aid and protection to those affected by armed conflicts and natural disasters. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was later formed in 1919 to unify these efforts globally.
The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent is a global gathering held every four years, bringing together representatives from the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, governments, and other humanitarian organizations. The conference provides a platform for discussing humanitarian issues, making decisions on key policies, and promoting international cooperation in disaster response, healthcare, and the protection of human rights. It serves as a forum for strengthening the Movement’s ability to provide effective aid to those in need worldwide.
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement was founded in 1863, following the efforts of Henri Dunant, a Swiss businessman and humanitarian, who was moved by the suffering of soldiers during the Battle of Solferino. His advocacy led to the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Geneva. The movement later expanded to include the establishment of national societies and the formation of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in 1919 to coordinate global humanitarian action.
The role of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in humanitarian crises is to provide neutral, impartial, and independent assistance to those in need, especially during natural disasters, armed conflicts, and health emergencies. The Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement mobilizes resources, organizes relief operations, provides emergency medical services, and promotes disaster preparedness. They also ensure the protection of vulnerable populations by advocating for compliance with international humanitarian law and human rights standards during crises.
The main functions of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) include coordinating humanitarian aid, providing emergency relief, and promoting disaster preparedness and health initiatives. IFRC supports national societies in their humanitarian efforts, advocates for human rights and dignity, and strengthens the capacity of communities to deal with crises. It also provides technical assistance and training, ensuring that its members are equipped to respond efficiently to emergencies and support sustainable development in vulnerable regions.
To donate and support the IFRC's humanitarian efforts, you can visit the official IFRC website, where multiple donation options are available. You can contribute online via credit or debit cards, make bank transfers, or participate in fundraising campaigns. Donations help fund emergency relief efforts, disaster preparedness programs, and health initiatives worldwide. Additionally, supporters can volunteer or partner with IFRC’s various programs to make a tangible impact on communities in need.
The current president of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is Francesco Rocca. He was elected president in 2017. As president, Rocca leads the IFRC in coordinating the global humanitarian efforts of 192 National Societies and advocates for the protection of vulnerable populations worldwide. He has been actively involved in humanitarian diplomacy, health issues, and disaster response during his tenure.
The headquarters of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is located in Geneva, Switzerland. The address is: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 17, Avenue de la Paix, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
You can get involved with Red Cross and Red Crescent by volunteering with your local National Society, donating funds or items, or participating in awareness campaigns. Many National Societies offer a variety of volunteer opportunities, including providing emergency relief, supporting health programs, and engaging in community development efforts. To become involved, visit your local Red Cross or Red Crescent Society's website for more information on available opportunities and programs in your area.
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement engages in a wide range of humanitarian activities, including providing disaster relief, emergency healthcare, and promoting human rights. It offers assistance during conflicts, natural disasters, and health crises, ensuring the protection of vulnerable populations. The movement focuses on disaster preparedness, health initiatives, and community development, promoting social inclusion and alleviating human suffering while adhering to international humanitarian law and principles of neutrality and impartiality.
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) partners with a variety of humanitarian organizations, including the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and Médecins Sans Frontières. These partnerships enhance the coordination of global emergency responses and humanitarian efforts. By collaborating with other organizations, the IFRC ensures effective disaster relief, health interventions, and community support, promoting the collective goal of alleviating human suffering and improving living conditions for affected populations worldwide.
The main policies of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement include neutrality, impartiality, independence, voluntary service, unity, and universality. These principles guide the movement’s humanitarian work worldwide. The IFRC upholds the commitment to neutrality by not taking sides in conflicts, ensuring impartiality in aid distribution, and focusing on the most vulnerable groups. It works to promote universal humanitarian principles, address global health needs, and provide timely, effective responses to crises and disasters.
Role of IFRC in International Humanitarian Law
Dissemination and Promotion of IHL: The IFRC actively promotes awareness and understanding of international humanitarian law among its member societies, volunteers, governments, armed forces, and the general public. It collaborates with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and other partners to disseminate IHL principles and norms, ensuring they are respected and implemented in times of armed conflict and other emergencies.
Advocacy and Policy Development: The IFRC engages in advocacy efforts to encourage states and non-state actors to comply with international humanitarian law. It advocates for the protection of civilians, wounded combatants, detainees, and other vulnerable groups during armed conflicts. Through dialogue and diplomacy, the IFRC seeks to influence policies and practices that align with humanitarian principles and legal frameworks.
Support for Humanitarian Action: In situations of armed conflict and other emergencies, the IFRC supports its member societies in delivering humanitarian assistance in accordance with international humanitarian law. This includes providing relief to civilians affected by conflict, facilitating access to healthcare and essential services, and ensuring respect for the rights of victims of war.
Training and Capacity Building: The IFRC conducts training programs and capacity-building initiatives to enhance the understanding and application of international humanitarian law among its volunteers, staff, and partners. Training may cover topics such as the Geneva Conventions, protection of civilians, human rights in armed conflict, and the roles and responsibilities of humanitarian actors under IHL.
Monitoring and Reporting: The IFRC monitors compliance with international humanitarian law and reports violations or breaches to relevant authorities, including governments, international organizations, and the United Nations. It contributes to efforts aimed at holding perpetrators accountable for violations of IHL and advocating for justice and reparations for victims of war crimes and atrocities.
Emergency Response and Protection: During armed conflicts and other situations of violence, the IFRC deploys emergency response teams to provide immediate humanitarian assistance and protection to affected populations. This includes distributing food, shelter, medical care, and essential supplies while advocating for safe access to humanitarian aid and respect for humanitarian principles.
History of IFRC
Formation of the League of Red Cross Societies (1919): In 1919, following World War I, the League of Red Cross Societies was founded in Paris, France. This organization aimed to unite national Red Cross societies worldwide under a common mission of humanitarian service. Its formation was a response to the widespread devastation caused by the war and the recognition of the need for a coordinated international humanitarian network.
Expansion and Renaming (1920s-1930s): Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the League expanded its membership and activities, focusing on disaster response, health care, and community development. It became known as the International Federation of Red Cross Societies (IFRC) in 1931, reflecting its broader mandate and global reach.
Humanitarian Action During World War II: During World War II, the IFRC played a crucial role in providing humanitarian assistance to civilians affected by the conflict. It supported relief efforts for prisoners of war, refugees, and displaced persons, demonstrating its commitment to impartiality and neutrality in times of war.
Post-War Reconstruction and Growth: In the post-war period, the IFRC intensified its efforts in reconstruction and rehabilitation, focusing on rebuilding communities and restoring essential services. It expanded its network of national societies and strengthened partnerships with governments and international organizations.
Adoption of Fundamental Principles: The IFRC, along with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), adopted the seven Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in 1965. These principles, including humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity, and universality, form the ethical and operational framework of the IFRC’s humanitarian action.
Evolution into a Global Humanitarian Leader: Over the decades, the IFRC has evolved into a leading humanitarian organization, responding to natural disasters, armed conflicts, public health emergencies, and other humanitarian crises worldwide. It has expanded its scope to include disaster preparedness, health promotion, community resilience, and advocacy for vulnerable populations.
Modern Challenges and Adaptation: In the 21st century, the IFRC continues to face new challenges, such as climate change, pandemics, and complex emergencies. It adapts by leveraging technology, strengthening partnerships, and advocating for policy changes to address emerging humanitarian needs effectively.
Steps to become Volunteer in IFRC
Research and Understanding
- Research: Start by researching the IFRC and its national societies in your country or region. Understand the mission, values, and types of humanitarian activities they are involved in.
- Roles: Explore the different volunteer roles available within the IFRC. These roles can vary widely, from disaster response and relief to health promotion, community outreach, administration, and specialized technical support.
Contact Your National Society
- Find Your National Society: Identify the national Red Cross or Red Crescent society in your country. The IFRC operates through these national societies, which are often responsible for recruiting and managing volunteers locally.
- Contact Information: Visit the website or contact the national society directly to inquire about volunteer opportunities. They can provide specific information on current vacancies, requirements, and the application process.
Application and Requirements
- Application Process: Follow the application procedures outlined by your national society. This typically involves filling out an application form and possibly submitting a resume or CV outlining your skills, experience, and motivation for volunteering.
- Requirements: Be prepared to meet certain requirements, which may include:
Age requirements (usually 18 years or older, but some roles may be available for younger volunteers).
Background checks or clearances, especially for roles involving vulnerable populations.
Specific skills or qualifications, depending on the volunteer position (e.g., first aid certification, language proficiency, technical expertise).
Training and Orientation
- Training: Successful applicants may undergo training and orientation sessions provided by the national society or the IFRC. This training can cover topics such as the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, disaster response protocols, health and safety procedures, and specific job-related skills.
- Volunteer Agreement: Sign a volunteer agreement outlining your rights, responsibilities, and commitment to the IFRC’s principles and values.
Deployment and Support
- Deployment: Once accepted as a volunteer, you may be deployed to participate in local, national, or international humanitarian operations, depending on the needs and your availability.
- Support: Receive ongoing support and supervision from the national society or IFRC staff. This can include mentoring, feedback sessions, and access to resources and tools necessary for your volunteer role.
Continuous Engagement
- Commitment: Maintain your commitment to volunteering by actively participating in scheduled activities, adhering to guidelines and policies, and contributing positively to the humanitarian efforts of the IFRC.
- Feedback and Development: Provide feedback on your volunteer experience and seek opportunities for personal and professional development within the IFRC network.
Additional Tips
- Flexibility: Be flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances, as volunteer roles may involve unpredictable situations and environments.
- Language Skills: Depending on the location and role, proficiency in languages other than your native language may be beneficial.
- Long-Term Engagement: Consider long-term engagement with the IFRC if you are passionate about humanitarian work, as ongoing commitment and dedication are often valued in volunteer roles.
Challenges faced by IFRC
Funding Constraints: Securing adequate and sustainable funding remains a significant challenge for the IFRC. Humanitarian needs are increasing due to conflicts, natural disasters, and health emergencies, but funding sources can be volatile and unpredictable. The IFRC relies heavily on voluntary contributions from governments, private donors, and international organizations, which can fluctuate in response to global economic conditions and competing priorities.
Complex Emergencies and Access Issues: Operating in complex humanitarian emergencies, including conflicts and situations of violence, poses serious challenges for the IFRC. Access restrictions, security risks, bureaucratic obstacles, and political tensions can hinder the delivery of humanitarian assistance to affected populations. Ensuring safe access to vulnerable communities remains a persistent challenge, impacting the IFRC’s ability to provide timely and effective aid.
Climate Change and Environmental Risks: The increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters linked to climate change pose a growing humanitarian challenge for the IFRC. Events such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, and wildfires are becoming more severe, affecting millions of people each year. Addressing climate-related risks, promoting disaster preparedness, and building community resilience are crucial priorities for the IFRC in mitigating the impact of environmental hazards on vulnerable populations.
Public Health Emergencies: Global health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, present significant challenges for the IFRC. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for robust public health responses, including vaccination campaigns, disease prevention, and healthcare support. Responding to infectious diseases while maintaining essential humanitarian services requires coordination, resources, and expertise in health emergency management.
Protection of Humanitarian Workers: Ensuring the safety and security of humanitarian workers, including IFRC staff and volunteers, is a critical challenge. Humanitarian personnel face risks of violence, attacks, and harassment in conflict zones and volatile environments. Protecting their safety, providing training on security protocols, and advocating for respect for humanitarian principles are essential for maintaining effective humanitarian operations.
Capacity Building and Coordination: Building the capacity of national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies to respond effectively to emergencies is another challenge for the IFRC. Strengthening local volunteer networks, enhancing technical skills, and promoting leadership development are crucial for improving the resilience and preparedness of communities facing humanitarian crises. Coordination with local authorities, international partners, and other humanitarian actors is essential for maximizing the impact of humanitarian interventions and avoiding duplication of efforts.
Advocacy and Humanitarian Diplomacy: Advocating for adherence to international humanitarian law, promoting humanitarian principles, and engaging in humanitarian diplomacy are ongoing challenges for the IFRC. Addressing political and legal obstacles, advocating for humanitarian access, and influencing policy decisions to prioritize humanitarian needs require strategic engagement with governments, international organizations, and civil society.
Innovation and Adaptation: Adapting to evolving humanitarian challenges and leveraging innovation are critical for the IFRC. Embracing digital technologies, data analytics, and new approaches to humanitarian assistance can enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in delivering aid. Innovations in disaster preparedness, early warning systems, and community engagement are essential for addressing complex humanitarian crises.
Core Principle of IFRC
Humanity: The IFRC’s mission is to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. It aims to protect life and health, ensure respect for all human beings, and alleviate human suffering.
Impartiality: The IFRC provides assistance based on need, without discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class, or political opinions. It prioritizes assistance to the most vulnerable individuals and communities.
Neutrality: The IFRC does not take sides in hostilities or engage in controversies of a political, racial, religious, or ideological nature. It maintains independence and avoids actions that could be perceived as favoring one party over another.
Independence: The IFRC operates independently of any government, ensuring autonomy in its humanitarian action. This allows it to maintain credibility, gain access to affected populations, and uphold the principles of impartiality and neutrality.
Voluntary Service: The IFRC is a voluntary relief movement, not prompted in any manner by desire for gain. It relies on volunteers, both within its member societies and internationally, who contribute their time, skills, and efforts to humanitarian activities.
Unity: The IFRC is a worldwide network of national societies united in their mission to assist the most vulnerable. It promotes cooperation and collaboration among its member societies, fostering solidarity and joint action in humanitarian endeavors.
Universality: The IFRC is open to all, aiming to extend its humanitarian mission to all countries. It strives to promote and develop the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement globally, ensuring its principles and values are universally recognized and respected.
Difference between IFRC and Red Cross
Red Cross
- National Societies: The Red Cross refers to national Red Cross societies established in individual countries, such as the American Red Cross, British Red Cross, or Japanese Red Cross. These societies are autonomous and operate under the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, including humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity, and universality.
- Local Operations: Each national Red Cross society operates independently within its own country, responding to local humanitarian needs, disasters, and crises. They are often involved in providing emergency assistance, disaster relief, health services, blood donation programs, community resilience projects, and humanitarian advocacy within their respective nations.
- Membership: National societies can become members of the IFRC, which provides them with a platform for collaboration, coordination, and support in their humanitarian efforts. Membership in the IFRC allows national societies to benefit from global resources, training, technical expertise, and access to international networks.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
- Global Federation: The IFRC is a global federation of national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies from around the world. It serves as the umbrella organization coordinating the collective efforts and resources of its member societies to enhance their capacity in humanitarian action.
- Coordination and Support: The IFRC supports its member societies by facilitating international coordination, providing technical assistance, mobilizing resources for large-scale emergencies, and advocating for humanitarian principles and rights. It acts as a platform for sharing best practices, knowledge exchange, and capacity building among national societies.
- Advocacy and Representation: The IFRC represents its member societies at the international level, engaging with governments, international organizations (like the United Nations), and other humanitarian actors to advocate for humanitarian policies, promote respect for international humanitarian law, and address global challenges affecting vulnerable populations.
Key Differences
- Scope: The Red Cross primarily operates at the national level, focusing on humanitarian activities within a specific country. The IFRC operates globally, coordinating activities among national societies and responding to international humanitarian crises.
- Role: National Red Cross societies implement humanitarian programs and services directly within their countries, while the IFRC provides support, coordination, and advocacy at the global level to strengthen the collective impact of its member societies.
- Membership: National societies are members of the IFRC, which supports them through capacity building, resource mobilization, and advocacy. The IFRC does not replace national societies but complements their efforts on a broader scale.
Academic References on the IFRC
- American Red Cross. (2019). The American Red Cross and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
- Beigbeder, Y. (2000). International humanitarian assistance: Disaster relief actions in international law and organization. Oxford University Press.
- IFRC. (2011). World Disasters Report 2011: Focus on hunger and malnutrition. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
- IFRC. (2015). World Disasters Report 2015: Focus on local actors, the key to humanitarian effectiveness. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
- IFRC. (2018). World Disasters Report 2018: Leaving no one behind. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
- IFRC. (2020). World Disasters Report 2020: Come heat or high water: Tackling the humanitarian impacts of climate change together. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
- IFRC Reference Centre for Psychosocial Support. (2019). Psychosocial support in disasters: How can national societies build resilience and reduce vulnerability? International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
- International Committee of the Red Cross & International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (1996). The fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2006). World disasters report: Focus on neglected crises. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
- Labhardt, N. D., & Aboa, S. M. (2019). Red Cross and Red Crescent in action: Basic principles and lessons learned from the response to the West African Ebola virus disease epidemic. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 10(1), 966.