OIC: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
- Headquarters: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Founded on: 25th September, 1969
- Member States: 57 Member States
- Head: Secretary General Hissein Brahim Taha
- Languages: French, English, and Arabic
- Website: www.oic-oci.org
Overview
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is one of the world's largest intergovernmental organizations, bringing together Muslim-majority countries to promote unity, cooperation, and development among Islamic nations. With 57 member states, the OIC plays a crucial role in addressing political, economic, social, and humanitarian challenges faced by Muslim communities globally. This article by Academic Block, will shed light into the origins, structure, objectives, and contemporary role of the OIC, highlighting its impact on the global stage and the challenges it faces in fulfilling its mandate.
What is the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)?
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is an intergovernmental organization that works to strengthen cooperation among Muslim-majority countries. It aims to safeguard and protect the interests of the Islamic world in political, economic, cultural, and social fields.
History of the OIC
The OIC was founded in 1969 following an attack on Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, a sacred site in Islam. The attack outraged the Muslim world, leading to a summit of Islamic nations in Rabat, Morocco, where leaders decided to establish a unified organization to protect Islamic heritage and support Palestine.
Key Milestones in OIC History:
Objectives and Goals of the OIC
The OIC focuses on various areas to improve the well-being of Muslims worldwide. Some of its main objectives include:
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Protecting Islamic Holy Sites : One of the OIC’s primary responsibilities is to safeguard Islamic religious and cultural heritage, including Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, which is a key concern for the Muslim world.
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Supporting Palestine : Since its foundation, the OIC has been a strong supporter of Palestinian rights. It advocates for a two-state solution and works to protect Palestinian sovereignty.
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Promoting Economic Cooperation : The OIC helps Islamic nations improve trade, investment, and financial stability by:
- Encouraging intra-OIC trade
- Supporting Islamic banking and Sharia-compliant finance
- Developing economic policies to reduce poverty
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Addressing Human Rights and Humanitarian Issues : The OIC plays a vital role in -
- Providing humanitarian aid to conflict-affected areas.
- Promoting women’s rights and education in Muslim-majority countries.
- Fighting against Islamophobia and discrimination.
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Strengthening Science, Education, and Culture : The OIC works to promote -
- Scientific research and innovation in Islamic nations.
- Education and scholarships through institutions like the Islamic University in Uganda.
- Cultural exchange programs to preserve Islamic traditions.
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Promoting Peace and Security : The OIC aims to -
- Resolve conflicts among member states through peaceful negotiations.
- Combat terrorism and extremism.
- Support international peacekeeping efforts.
Notable and Popular Meetings Held by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has hosted several notable meetings that address critical issues facing its member states and the global Muslim community. Below is a table highlighting some of the most significant gatherings and the key topics discussed.
Structure of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has a well-organized structure that ensures smooth functioning and decision-making.
(i) Islamic Summit
- The highest authority in the OIC.
- Comprises heads of state and governments of member countries.
- Meets every three years to set long-term goals.
(ii) Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM)
- Holds annual meetings to review policies.
- Works on implementing summit decisions.
(iii) General Secretariat
- Led by the Secretary-General (elected for a 5-year term).
- Manages the daily operations of the OIC.
- Current Secretary-General : Hissein Brahim Taha (Chad, since 2021).
(iv) OIC Committees & Institutions
Some of the important committees and institutions include:
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB) : Funds economic and social projects.
- Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) : Promotes education and culture.
- Islamic Solidarity Fund (ISF) : Provides financial assistance to member states.
Major Achievements of the OIC
Over the years, the OIC has made significant contributions in various fields.
- It provides humanitarian aid and political support to the Palestinian people.
- Supports Islamic banking and finance.
- Helped push the UN resolution declaring March 15 as International Day to Combat Islamophobia.
- Provided aid in Afghanistan, Syria, and Yemen.
- Supported economic recovery plans.
Contemporary Role and Challenges
The OIC's role on the global stage has evolved over the decades, reflecting changes in the international political landscape and the needs of its member states. Today, the OIC faces several challenges and opportunities as it seeks to fulfill its mandate and remain relevant in a rapidly changing world.
Political and Security Challenges
The OIC continues to grapple with numerous political and security challenges, including ongoing conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa, the rise of extremist groups, and the persistent issue of Islamophobia. The organization has made efforts to mediate conflicts and promote peace, but its ability to influence outcomes is often limited by the complex geopolitical dynamics and differing interests of its member states.
The OIC's stance on key issues such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains a focal point of its political agenda. The organization has consistently supported the Palestinian cause and condemned Israeli actions in the occupied territories. However, achieving a unified and effective response to the conflict has proven difficult, given the divergent positions and priorities of member states.
Economic Development and Integration
Economic development remains a critical priority for the OIC, particularly in light of the economic disparities among its member states. While some member states, such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, enjoy significant wealth and resources, others face challenges related to poverty, unemployment, and underdevelopment.
The OIC's efforts to promote economic integration and cooperation have yielded some positive results, but barriers to trade, investment, and infrastructure development persist. The organization must continue to address these challenges by fostering a more conducive environment for economic growth, innovation, and sustainable development.
Social and Cultural Issues
The OIC's commitment to social and cultural cooperation is vital for promoting understanding and solidarity among its diverse member states. However, the organization faces challenges in addressing social issues such as gender inequality, youth unemployment, and access to quality education and healthcare.
Promoting women's rights and empowerment remains a contentious issue within the OIC, given the varying cultural and religious perspectives of its member states. While progress has been made in some areas, there is still a need for greater efforts to ensure that women and girls have equal opportunities and are protected from discrimination and violence.
Humanitarian Response
The OIC's humanitarian response efforts are crucial for providing aid and support to those in need, but the organization faces challenges in coordinating and delivering effective assistance. Limited financial resources, logistical constraints, and the complex nature of humanitarian crises can hinder the OIC's ability to respond swiftly and effectively.
Strengthening partnerships with international organizations, NGOs, and other stakeholders is essential for enhancing the OIC's humanitarian response capacity. The organization must also work to ensure that its humanitarian efforts are guided by principles of neutrality, impartiality, and respect for human rights.
Challenges and Criticisms Faced by the OIC
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has faced several challenges and criticisms over the years, which have raised concerns about its effectiveness. Some of the key criticisms include:
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Lack of Political Progress : Despite significant social and academic progress, the OIC has been criticized for its inability to resolve political conflicts among member states or offer concrete solutions to crises affecting Muslim countries.
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Kashmir Issue : In 2020, Pakistan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, SM Qureshi, criticized the OIC for not taking a stronger stance on the Kashmir conflict, where he felt the organization had failed to effectively advocate for the rights of Muslims in the region.
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Freedom of Speech and Religion : The OIC has also faced criticism for supporting restrictions on freedom of speech and religion, particularly in cases where apostasy and heresy are viewed as forms of anti-Islamic speech or Islamophobia.
These challenges highlight the OIC's ongoing struggle to balance its role as a diplomatic body and address the diverse political, religious, and humanitarian issues affecting its members.
Future of the OIC
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) holds significant potential to foster greater unity and cooperation among its member states. For its future growth, the OIC can focus on several key areas:
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Boosting Intra-OIC Trade and Investment : Strengthening economic ties and facilitating trade among member states can help reduce dependency on non-Muslim nations, creating a more robust and self-sustained economy within the OIC.
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Expanding Scientific and Technological Cooperation : By promoting innovation and technological advancements, the OIC can elevate the global standing of Muslim-majority nations in fields like research, health, and environmental sustainability.
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Enhancing Global Advocacy for Muslim Minorities : The OIC can play a more active role in advocating for the rights of Muslim minorities worldwide, ensuring their protection against persecution and discrimination.
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Improving Decision-Making and Policy Enforcement : The OIC can enhance its decision-making processes and ensure better implementation of policies, making the organization more efficient in addressing global challenges.
By focusing on these priorities, the OIC can drive meaningful change and contribute to the advancement of the Muslim world.
Final Words
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has played a vital role in promoting unity, cooperation, and development among Muslim-majority countries since its establishment in 1969. As the OIC looks to the future, it faces both challenges and opportunities in fulfilling its mandate and remaining relevant in a rapidly changing world. Strengthening internal cohesion, enhancing global influence, promoting sustainable development, and addressing emerging challenges will be crucial for the organization's continued success.
By building on its achievements and adapting to new realities, the OIC can continue to serve as a beacon of hope and progress for the Muslim world and contribute to the broader goals of peace, prosperity, and justice for all. Hope you liked reading this article by Academic Block, please provide your insightful thoughts in the comment section to make this article better. Thanks for Reading!
This Article will answer your questions like:
Russia is not a full member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). However, it maintains observer status and engages with the OIC in various initiatives. Russia's involvement in the OIC reflects its strategic interest in fostering diplomatic relations with Islamic nations, particularly in regions like Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East, while also addressing geopolitical and economic concerns within the broader Islamic world.
The Secretary General of the OIC is the head of the organization. As of 2023, the Secretary-General is Hissein Brahim Taha from Chad, who assumed the position in 2021. The Secretary-General leads the Secretariat and coordinates the activities of the OIC. However, the OIC is governed by the Council of Foreign Ministers and the Summit, with decision-making powers held by the heads of state or government of member countries.
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) consists of 57 member countries. These nations span across the globe, including countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, with a collective population representing over a quarter of the world’s population. The OIC serves as a platform for member states to collaborate on issues related to Islamic solidarity, economic cooperation, and international diplomacy, with a strong focus on addressing political and humanitarian challenges.
The 57 member countries of the OIC include key nations like Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan, Indonesia, Egypt, and Iran. Other members include countries from the Middle East, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia, such as Jordan, Morocco, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Malaysia. These countries share common interests in Islamic solidarity, political cooperation, and economic development, while also promoting cultural and educational exchanges among Muslim-majority states worldwide.
The OIC plays a significant role in international relations by serving as the collective voice of the Muslim world. It engages in diplomatic efforts, advocates for the protection of Muslim minorities, promotes peace and stability, and works to resolve conflicts within member states and globally. The OIC also addresses humanitarian issues, promotes economic cooperation, and contributes to the global dialogue on issues like human rights, education, and environmental sustainability.
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) was founded in 1969 in response to the burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. The founding members sought to establish a platform for collaboration among Muslim-majority countries, focusing on collective political, economic, and cultural interests. The OIC was officially established on September 25, 1969, with its headquarters in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and has since become one of the largest intergovernmental organizations in the world.
The main functions of the OIC include fostering political, economic, and cultural cooperation among its member states. It works on issues like peace and security, humanitarian aid, conflict resolution, and combating terrorism. The OIC also promotes solidarity on matters related to the Muslim world, including human rights, religious freedom, and economic development. Additionally, it engages in global diplomacy to advocate for Islamic perspectives in international forums and institutions.
The OIC plays a crucial role in international diplomacy, acting as a mediator in conflicts involving member states or Muslim-majority regions. It works to resolve political disputes, prevent violence, and foster peace through diplomatic channels. The OIC also provides humanitarian assistance in conflict zones and advocates for the peaceful resolution of tensions through dialogue. By maintaining strong relationships with global powers, the OIC influences the international community's approach to conflict and peacebuilding efforts.
The OIC has launched several initiatives to combat terrorism and extremism. These include the creation of a counter-terrorism strategy, promoting dialogue on religious tolerance, and supporting efforts to counter radicalization in member states. The OIC also works closely with international organizations, such as the United Nations, to address the root causes of extremism, including poverty, political instability, and lack of education, while promoting a moderate and peaceful interpretation of Islam.
The OIC promotes economic development among member states through initiatives aimed at increasing trade, investment, and infrastructure development. It supports financial institutions such as the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), which provides funding for projects related to education, healthcare, and energy. Additionally, the OIC fosters regional cooperation by encouraging joint economic ventures, facilitating technology transfer, and addressing issues like poverty, unemployment, and economic inequality in the Muslim world.
The OIC has achieved notable milestones in fostering solidarity among member states, promoting peace, and addressing humanitarian crises. It played a pivotal role in the resolution of conflicts in the Middle East and Africa. The OIC has also established the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), which supports economic growth in member countries, and created various educational and health initiatives, enhancing the lives of millions of Muslims worldwide, while advocating for the rights of Muslim communities in non-member nations.
The OIC promotes education and cultural exchange through various initiatives, including scholarships, academic cooperation, and cultural festivals. It has established organizations like the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) to foster collaboration in education, science, and culture. The OIC also supports programs aimed at enhancing mutual understanding among member states by facilitating exchanges in arts, science, and religion, aiming to strengthen ties and create a more unified Muslim identity globally.
The OIC faces numerous challenges in addressing global issues, including political divisions within its member states, economic disparities, and conflicting national interests. The organization often struggles to take decisive actions due to differences in priorities and governance structures among member nations. Additionally, the OIC must contend with external pressures from global powers, security challenges in conflict zones, and the rise of radicalism, all of which hinder its ability to effectively address regional and global challenges.
The OIC engages with non-member countries and organizations through dialogue, cooperation, and partnerships. It establishes observer status for countries and invites international organizations to participate in its meetings. The OIC actively seeks collaboration with the United Nations, the African Union, and other regional organizations, working together on common issues like human rights, conflict resolution, and humanitarian aid. This engagement helps amplify the OIC's global influence and fosters broader international support for Muslim-majority nations' concerns.
The OIC plays a critical role in strengthening global Islamic identity by serving as the primary international platform for Muslim-majority countries. It fosters solidarity among its members and promotes Islamic values in global diplomacy. By addressing issues such as religious freedom, human rights, and the defense of Islamic heritage, the OIC contributes to shaping a unified Islamic voice on the world stage. This unity is crucial for advocating the interests and concerns of Muslims in global political, social, and economic spheres.
Role of OIC in International Peace and Security
Conflict Mediation and Resolution: The OIC works to mediate and resolve conflicts involving member states or affecting Muslim-majority regions. It often facilitates dialogue and negotiations to address disputes peacefully.
Humanitarian Assistance: The OIC provides humanitarian aid and support in conflict-affected areas. This includes relief efforts, medical assistance, and rebuilding efforts in post-conflict zones.
Political Advocacy: The OIC advocates for the rights and interests of its member states on the international stage, working to influence global policies and decisions that impact peace and security.
Collective Security Measures: While the OIC does not have a formal collective security arrangement like NATO, it promotes collective action among member states to address threats to peace and security, including through joint initiatives and statements.
Promotion of Dialogue and Understanding: The OIC fosters interfaith and intercultural dialogue to prevent conflicts and promote mutual understanding among different communities and nations.
Support for Global Peace Initiatives: The OIC supports various global peace initiatives and collaborates with other international organizations, such as the United Nations, to address global security challenges.
Objective of the OIC
Promote Islamic Unity: Foster solidarity and unity among Muslim-majority countries and communities worldwide, working to strengthen their collective political, economic, and cultural ties.
Support for Palestinian Cause: Advocate for the rights of Palestinians, including the establishment of an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, and work towards resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Enhance Economic Cooperation: Encourage economic collaboration and development among member states, including trade, investment, and joint ventures to boost economic growth and self-reliance.
Promote Peace and Security: Contribute to global peace and security by addressing conflicts and promoting conflict resolution, dialogue, and peaceful coexistence among member states and in the broader international community.
Protect Human Rights: Promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in member states, including addressing issues related to minority rights, religious freedoms, and social justice.
Promote Cultural and Educational Exchange: Enhance cultural, educational, and scientific exchanges among member states to foster mutual understanding, collaboration, and the sharing of knowledge and expertise.
Address Humanitarian Issues: Coordinate and provide humanitarian assistance to member states facing crises such as natural disasters, conflicts, and poverty, and support development initiatives to improve living conditions.
Encourage Cooperation on Global Issues: Work collectively on global challenges such as climate change, health crises, and economic disparities, advocating for policies that align with Islamic principles and benefit member states.
Strengthen Islamic Institutions: Support the development and strengthening of Islamic institutions and organizations, including religious, educational, and charitable entities, to promote the values and teachings of Islam.
History of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Founding and Early Years (1960s-1970s)
- 1969: The idea for the OIC was conceived during a meeting held in Rabat, Morocco. The immediate trigger was the arson attack on Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, which heightened the need for a unified Islamic voice.
- 1970: The OIC was formally established on September 25, 1969, during the first summit in Rabat, Morocco. The founding members were 24 countries, with the goal of promoting Islamic solidarity among member states and protecting the interests of Muslims globally.
Growth and Expansion (1980s-1990s)
- 1981: The OIC charter was amended during the summit held in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, to include new principles and objectives. The organization began to take on a more structured role in international affairs and conflicts involving Muslim-majority countries.
- 1984: The OIC played a role in international diplomacy during the Iran-Iraq War, although its impact was limited.
- 1990s: The OIC faced challenges due to internal disagreements among member states, particularly over issues like the Gulf War and the Bosnian War. Despite this, it continued to work on various humanitarian and development projects.
Reform and Modernization (2000s-Present)
- 2000: The OIC underwent significant reforms to enhance its effectiveness, including the adoption of a new Charter during the summit in Doha, Qatar. The reform aimed to improve the organization’s institutional framework and decision-making processes.
- 2005: The OIC established the Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission to address human rights issues within member states.
- 2010s: The OIC became more involved in global diplomacy, addressing issues like the Syrian Civil War, the Rohingya crisis, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The organization has also worked on promoting economic cooperation and development among member states.
- 2020: The OIC continued its focus on addressing global challenges and conflicts involving its member states, working on diplomatic, humanitarian, and developmental initiatives.
Current Focus
- Global Diplomacy: The OIC continues to be involved in international diplomacy, advocating for Muslim-majority countries’ interests and addressing global issues affecting its members.
- Human Rights and Development: The organization works on promoting human rights, development, and cooperation among member states, addressing issues such as poverty, education, and healthcare.
- Unity and Cooperation: Strengthening the unity and cooperation among member states remains a core objective, with ongoing efforts to resolve conflicts and support development projects.
Functions of the OIC
Diplomatic Engagement: Facilitate dialogue and negotiation among member states and with other international actors to address political and diplomatic issues, particularly those affecting the Muslim world.
Conflict Resolution: Mediate and resolve conflicts both within and between member states, and promote peaceful solutions to regional and global disputes.
Economic Cooperation: Promote economic collaboration through initiatives such as trade agreements, joint ventures, and economic development projects to enhance the economic well-being of member states.
Humanitarian Assistance: Coordinate and provide humanitarian aid and relief to member states affected by crises such as natural disasters, conflicts, and poverty, and support development programs.
Advocacy and Representation: Represent the interests of member states on the global stage, advocate for issues of common concern, and promote the Islamic perspective in international forums and organizations.
Support for the Palestinian Cause: Advocate for the rights of Palestinians and support efforts to achieve peace and a resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Cultural and Educational Exchange: Foster cultural and educational cooperation among member states, support initiatives that promote Islamic heritage, and encourage academic and research collaboration.
Capacity Building: Provide technical assistance and capacity-building support to member states in various sectors, including governance, economic development, and social services.
Policy Formulation: Develop and implement policies and strategies that address common challenges and promote collective action among member states, including through resolutions and declarations.
Monitoring and Reporting: Monitor developments and challenges within member states and globally, report on progress and challenges, and make recommendations for action to member states and relevant stakeholders.
Institutional Support: Strengthen and support various OIC institutions and specialized agencies, such as the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and the OIC Human Rights Commission, to enhance their effectiveness and impact.
Function of IPHRC within OIC
Meaning: The Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) is a key human rights body within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Established in 2011, the IPHRC’s primary role is to promote and protect human rights across the OIC member states.
Human Rights Monitoring and Reporting: The IPHRC monitors the human rights situation in OIC member states and produces reports and recommendations based on its findings. It aims to address human rights violations and promote compliance with international human rights standards.
Advisory Role: The Commission provides advisory services to the OIC and its member states on human rights issues. This includes offering guidance on implementing human rights norms and improving policies and practices.
Capacity Building: The IPHRC engages in capacity-building efforts by organizing training and workshops for member states’ officials and civil society organizations. This helps enhance their ability to address human rights issues effectively.
Promoting Human Rights Education: The Commission works to raise awareness and educate both the public and officials about human rights, advocating for greater respect and understanding of human rights principles.
Collaboration with Other Bodies: The IPHRC collaborates with various international and regional human rights organizations to promote and protect human rights globally. This includes working with the United Nations and other relevant bodies to align with international human rights frameworks.
Meaning and Principle of Charter of the OIC
Definition: The Charter of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) serves as the foundational document outlining the organization’s objectives, principles, and structure. Adopted in 1969 during the First Islamic Summit Conference in Rabat, Morocco, the Charter has undergone revisions to address evolving issues and organizational needs. Here are some of its key principles:
Unity and Solidarity: The Charter emphasizes the unity and solidarity of member states in promoting common interests and addressing shared challenges. It underscores the importance of cooperation and mutual support among Muslim-majority countries.
Respect for Sovereignty: The Charter stresses respect for the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity of member states. It encourages non-interference in the internal affairs of member countries.
Commitment to Islamic Values: The Charter reflects the organization’s commitment to principles derived from Islamic teachings, including justice, equality, and the promotion of human dignity.
Promotion of Peace and Security: The Charter highlights the OIC’s role in promoting peace, security, and stability within member states and the broader international community. It encourages dialogue and conflict resolution as means to address disputes.
Support for Human Rights: The Charter affirms the commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms, aligned with Islamic principles. It supports efforts to protect and promote the rights of individuals within member states.
Economic Cooperation: The Charter calls for enhanced economic cooperation and integration among member states to achieve sustainable development and economic growth. It supports initiatives aimed at improving trade, investment, and economic collaboration.
Cultural and Scientific Exchange: The Charter encourages cultural, educational, and scientific exchanges among member states to foster mutual understanding and progress in various fields.
Collaboration with International Organizations: The Charter supports collaboration with other international organizations, including the United Nations and regional bodies, to address global challenges and promote collective interests.
Academic References on the OIC
Books
- Ayoob, M. (2008). The Arab Spring and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Routledge.
- Hossain, S. (2018). The Organization of Islamic Cooperation: A Comprehensive Analysis. Springer.
- Kechichian, J. A. (2012). The Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Arab Spring. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Morrow, J. (2017). The OIC and Islamic Solidarity: A Historical Overview. Oxford University Press.
- Saeed, R. (2015). Islamic Diplomacy: The Role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Routledge.
- Watanabe, S. (2020). The OIC and the Future of Islamic Cooperation. Cambridge University Press.
Journal Articles
- El-Ayouty, Y. (1976). The Organization of Islamic Conference: A New International Actor. Middle Eastern Studies, 12(1), 21-35.
- Ghosh, S. (2013). The Role of the OIC in Conflict Resolution: The Case of the Syrian Crisis. Journal of Islamic Studies, 24(2), 125-142.
- Kabbani, S. (2014). Human Rights and the OIC: Progress and Challenges. International Journal of Human Rights, 18(5), 585-598.
- Karam, S. (2016). The OIC and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Middle East Policy, 23(3), 55-70.
- Malik, A. (2011). The Organizational Dynamics of the OIC: Institutional Challenges and Prospects. Global Governance, 17(4), 537-556.
- Muriuki, A. (2015). The OIC’s Role in Humanitarian Assistance: A Case Study of the Rohingya Crisis. Humanitarian Action, 7(2), 78-92.
- Öztürk, S. (2019). The OIC and the Challenges of Globalization: An Institutional Perspective. Islamic Studies, 58(1), 73-89.